Which of the following actions could be considered punitive action?

A demotion in rank can be seen as punitive action because it often serves as a consequence for behavior or performance that is deemed unacceptable or unsatisfactory. When an individual is demoted, it typically implies that their previous performance did not meet the standards expected in their role, resulting in a reduction of their responsibilities, authority, or position within the organization. This action is intended to hold the individual accountable and can also serve as a warning to others about the implications of failing to meet job expectations.

In contrast, the other actions listed—such as a raise in salary, a commendation, or a team-building exercise—are generally positive in nature and do not serve punitive purposes. These actions are aimed at motivating employees, recognizing good performance, or fostering camaraderie rather than penalizing or reprimanding anyone.